Contents
List of Maps		iv
List of Tables, Graphs and Family Trees		iv
List of Photos		v
List of Drawings		vii
List of Facsimiles		viii
Preface		x
Maps of Essex and the Area Around Witham		xii
Acknowledgements		xiii
Map of Modern Witham and Some Historic Sites		xiv
Chapter 1 - Introduction: Witham Before 1500		1
Chipping Hill		1
Newland Street		2
Fields and Outlying Settlements		2
Later Medieval Witham		3
Chapter 2 - Population and Society		4
Numbers		4
Movement		4
Plague and Disease		6
Society		9
	1523 - Lay Subsidy	9
	1636 - Ship Money	10
	1673 - Hearth Tax	12
	Probate Value of Goods at Death	15
	Inventories	15
	Total values	17
Chapter 3 - Building and Living Conditions		21
Building Construction		21
Brick		27
Window Glass		33
Decoration		33
Accommodation		34
Living Conditions		41
Chapter 4 - Roads and Transport		44
Routes		45
Road Conditions		48
Bridges		51
Means of Transport		55
The Post		59
Chapter 5 - Land and Agriculture		62
Land		62
Manors of Chipping and Newland		62
	Demesne of Chipping and Newland	69
Outer Manors		66
	Powershall	73
	Blunts Hall	77
	Howbridge Hall	79
	Ishams (Little Howbridge)	83
Vicarage (Hog End) Manor		84
Other Large Farm Units (Over 50 Acres)		84
Smaller Units (50 Acres or Less)		88
Sizes of Holdings and Farming Units		90
Agricultural Methods		92
Methods in Witham		92
Meadows and Hay		98
Woodland and Wood		100
Grain Crops		103
Hops		105
Garden Crops		105
Horses		107
Cattle		107
Pigs		108
Sheep		110
Chapter 6 - Processing, Crafts and Trade		111
The Role of Witham in the Area		111
Regulation of Commerce		116
Processing		118
Craftsmen		122
Tradesmen		129
The Market		138
Chapter 7 - The Cloth Industry		143
Before 1500		143
1500 to 1540		143
1540 to 1600		144
1600 to 1628		145
1629 to 1650		147
c.1650 Onwards		147
Clothiers		150
Distribution Centres		156
Carding and Combing		158
Spinning		160
Weaving		161
Fulling		167
Roughing		169
Shearing		170
Tentering		170
Chapter 8 - People		173
County Families		173
The Southcott Family		173
	Witham Place	175
	Judge John Southcott	177
	Elizabeth Southcott/Southwell	178
	John Southcott esquire	179
	Edward Southcott esquire	180
	Sir John Southcott	180
	Sir Edward Southcott	180
The Barnardiston Family and William Towse		181
	Dame Katherine Barnardiston	182
The Gentry		185
The Garrard Family		186
	John Garrard(1)	186
	Jerome Garrard(1)	189
	Jerome Garrard(2)	190
	Robert Garrard(2)	191
	Jerome Garrard(3)	192
	Jerome (Jerry) Garrard(4)	192
	John Garrard(2) and John Garrard(3)	192
The Armond, Brodway and Jackson Families		193
	George Armond(1)	193
	John Armond	195
	George Armond(2)	197
	Elizabeth Armond	197
	Thomas Brodway and Abigail Jackson	197
	Adam Jackson and Robert Jackson(1)	198
	John Jackson(1), junior, and Sarah his mother	199
	John Jackson(A), senior	199
	William Jackson(A)	200
The Gravener Family		200
	John Gravener(1)	200
	John Gravener(2)	200
	John Gravener(3)	202
	John Gravener(4)	202
	John Gravener(5)	203
The Barwell Family		203
	Robert Barwell(1)	205
	Martha Barwell(1)	206
	Robert Barwell(2)	206
	Newman Barwell	207
	Sarah Barwell and Martha Barwell(2)	208
	Robert Barwell(3)	208
	Robert Barwell(4)	210
Middling People		212
The Poor		216
	Poverty and the life cycle	217
	The care of the poor	220
	Dame Katherine Barnardiston's Gifts	223
	Almshouses	224
Chapter 9 - Postscript		226
	Constants	226
	Chronology	227
	Religion and politics	229
Suggested reading		230
Notes		231
Index		266
An impression of the central part of Witham in about 1680 (end paper)

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